Abstract Expressionism: Unleashing Emotion on Canvas

Abstract Expressionism, often referred to as the New York School, is a quintessential American art movement of the 20th century. It encompasses a diverse range of abstract art forms, including large painted canvases and sculptures. At its core, Abstract Expressionism is characterized by the intense and spontaneous application of brushstrokes, along with the transformative effects of dripping and spilling paint onto the canvas. This style is synonymous with “action painting,” where the artist’s emotions are palpably woven into each stroke.

Art Deco: Merging Elegance and Modernity

Emerging in France before World War I, Art Deco burst onto the scene in 1925 during the Exposition des Arts Décoratifs. This movement seamlessly blends various mediums, from architecture and furniture to clothing and jewelry. It artfully combines modern aesthetics with meticulous craftsmanship, advanced technology, and luxurious materials. Art Deco transcends the boundaries between art forms, creating a harmonious fusion of beauty and functionality.

Art Nouveau: Embracing Organic Forms

Art Nouveau, which thrived from 1890 to 1910 in Europe and the U.S., is characterized by its sinuous and asymmetrical lines inspired by organic shapes. It sought to break free from the imitative historicism prevalent in the 19th century. While it left its mark on various art forms, including painting and sculpture, its most prominent contributions were in architecture, decorative arts, and graphic design. Art Nouveau aimed to create a new, liberated style that celebrated nature’s forms.

Avant-garde: Pioneers of Innovation

The term “avant-garde” originated from the French, meaning “advanced guard.” It encompasses innovative and experimental concepts, works, and individuals in the realms of culture, politics, and the arts. Avant-garde challenges conventions and pushes the boundaries of traditional thinking, often leading to groundbreaking artistic movements.

Baroque: The Drama of Motion and Detail

The Baroque movement, which emerged in Europe from the early 17th to mid-18th century, emphasizes dramatic and exaggerated motion, coupled with clear and intricate detailing. Baroque art creates a sense of grandeur, exuberance, and tension, contrasting sharply with the surrealistic tendencies of Surrealism.

Bauhaus: A Hub of Modern Art and Design

Founded in Germany by Walter Gropius in 1919, the Bauhaus school of art and design brought together artists, architects, and designers. It pioneered an experimental pedagogy that prioritized materials and functions over traditional art school methodologies. Throughout its various incarnations, Bauhaus fostered influential discussions on the role of modern art and design in society.

Classicism: A Return to Elegance and Symmetry

Classicism draws inspiration from the art forms of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing traditional forms characterized by elegance and symmetry. This movement celebrates the enduring beauty and balance found in classical art.

CoBrA: A Post-war Quest for Spontaneity

Founded in 1948 in Paris, CoBrA was a short-lived yet groundbreaking post-war group comprising international artists who championed spontaneity as a means of creating a new societal order. The name “CoBrA” is derived from the home cities of its founders: Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amsterdam.

Color Field Painting: Embracing Contemplative Color

Color Field Painting, often associated with Abstract Expressionism, rejects active gestures in favor of expressing the sublime through expansive surfaces of contemplative color and open compositions. This movement seeks to convey profound emotions through harmonious color combinations.

Conceptual Art: Art as an Idea

Conceptual art, or conceptualism, is a 20th-century movement that prioritizes ideas and theoretical practices over visual forms. Coined by artist Sol LeWitt in 1967, it posits that the idea itself, even if not visually realized, is a work of art. Conceptual art challenges traditional notions of art creation.

Constructivism: Art for Social Progress

Developed by the Russian avant-garde around 1915, constructivism is a branch of abstract art that rejects “art for art’s sake” in favor of art directed towards social purposes. Its work is geometric, precise, and sometimes mathematical, advocating for the role of art in societal progress.

Cubism: Deconstructing Tradition

Cubism, initiated in 1907 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, introduced a revolutionary visual language. It deconstructed traditional subjects into fragmented compositions, challenging conventional representations of nudes, landscapes, and still lifes. Cubism redefined how art could be perceived.

Dadaism: A Revolution of Nihilism

Dadaism emerged during World War I as a radical response to traditional social values and artistic conventions. Dada artists rejected established norms and aimed to shock society into self-awareness. Their work often sought to expose accepted conventions of order and logic.

Digital Art: Embracing Technology’s Canvas

Digital art encompasses a wide range of creative practices utilizing electronic technologies, resulting in digital products. From computer graphics to virtual reality, digital art is an innovative and contemporary movement that explores the intersection of technology and art.

Expressionism: Capturing Emotional Experience

Expressionism, an international movement from 1905 to 1920, particularly in Germany and Austria, seeks to convey emotional experience rather than physical reality. It employs distortion, exaggeration, and vivid color to express the inner feelings and ideas of artists.

Fauvism: Vibrant Colors and Bold Brushstrokes

Coined as “wild beasts” by critic Louis Vauxcelles, Fauvism is an early 20th-century movement associated with artists like Henri Matisse and André Derain. Fauvist works are characterized by their vibrant colors and bold brushwork, departing from traditional representational art.

Futurism: Celebrating Modernity’s Energy

Futurism, founded in 1909 by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Italy, seeks to capture the dynamism, speed, and energy of the modern mechanical world. It embraces technology and revels in the urbanization of the early 20th century.

The post Exploring the Most Influential Art Movements and Styles appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

Within this tapestry of artistic expression, certain art styles have risen to the forefront, not only captivating the imagination of their contemporaries but also leaving an indelible mark on the course of human culture. These art styles, through their revolutionary approaches and innovative techniques, have truly changed the world. So, let’s see more about each art style that impacted the world the most.

Impressionism

In the mid-19th century, the art world witnessed a seismic shift as a group of artists embarked on a journey to capture fleeting moments and transient impressions rather than rigidly defined scenes. This departure from the established norms of academic art marked the birth of Impressionism – a movement that not only changed the way art was created but also revolutionised the way it was perceived.

Defying Convention

Impressionism challenged the traditional standards of art in several ways. The movement was characterised by focusing on capturing the effects of light and colour on everyday scenes. Artists like Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Camille Pissarro sought to depict the play of light and its transformative impact on landscapes, scenes of leisure, and even mundane subjects.

The Brushstroke Revolution

The hallmark of Impressionism was its distinct brushwork. Artists abandoned the smooth, blended strokes of academic art in favour of broken, visible brushstrokes. These brushstrokes not only conveyed movement and immediacy but also allowed viewers to engage with the paintings on a more visceral level.

Capturing the Moment

Impressionists were captivated by the transient nature of light and atmosphere. Their works often appeared spontaneous and unfinished, capturing a specific moment in time. The Impressionists sought to evoke the sensation of a passing moment—the shimmering reflections on water, the dappled sunlight filtering through leaves, or the hazy effects of mist and fog.

Beyond the Canvas

The impact of Impressionism extended beyond the confines of the art world. It laid the foundation for a more liberated approach to artistic expression, encouraging artists to seek inspiration in the ordinary and the ephemeral. Furthermore, Impressionism challenged the notion that art should be a mere representation of reality. Instead, it encouraged viewers to engage with the artwork actively, allowing their perceptions to shape the final experience.

Cubism

As the 20th century dawned, a radical new art style emerged that shattered traditional notions of representation and perspective. Cubism, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, embarked on a journey to deconstruct reality itself, paving the way for a fundamental shift in artistic thought and practice.

• Breaking down reality:Cubism is characterised by its revolutionary approach to depicting subjects in art. Rejecting the single-point perspective that had dominated Western art for centuries, Cubist artists presented objects from multiple angles simultaneously.
• The birth of abstraction: One of the most transformative aspects of Cubism was its gradual shift towards abstraction. As artists dissected forms into geometric shapes and facets, the representation of reality became secondary to the exploration of form and structure. This departure from literal representation laid the groundwork for the abstract art that would follow.
• Analytic and Synthetic Cubism: Cubism went through two distinct phases: Analytic and Synthetic Cubism. Analytic Cubism, the early phase, focused on breaking down forms into facets and analysing their structure. Artists used monochromatic palettes to emphasise the complexities of the subject.
• Influence on modern thought:Cubism’s influence extended beyond the canvas. The concept of depicting multiple viewpoints simultaneously resonated with the evolving perspectives of the 20th century, which were influenced by the rise of psychology, relativity, and a changing worldview.

How Cubism Affected Art Styles

Surrealism

In the realm of art, the mind’s deepest recesses and the interplay between reality and dreams found expression through Surrealism. This revolutionary art style, led by artists like Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, and Max Ernst, delved into the enigmatic realm of the subconscious, redefining the boundaries of artistic representation and inviting viewers to explore the extraordinary within the ordinary.

1. Exploring the unconscious: Surrealism sought to tap into the vast reservoirs of the unconscious mind, where dreams, desires, and fears reside. By merging the conscious and unconscious realms, Surrealist artists created a visual language that defied logical explanation. This blend of reality and fantasy aimed to evoke emotions, provoke thought, and challenge the viewer’s understanding of reality.
2. Transcending reality: The Surrealists employed a variety of techniques to manifest the illogical and the fantastical. Techniques such as automatism and frottage allowed for spontaneous creation, bypassing conscious control and enabling direct access to the subconscious. This resulted in artworks that often featured unexpected juxtapositions, distorted forms, and dreamlike landscapes.
3. Surrealist manifesto: The movement was encapsulated in André Breton’s 1924 Surrealist Manifesto, which outlined the principles of Surrealism. This manifesto emphasised the importance of unleashing the unconscious mind, rejecting societal norms, and embracing the irrational. Surrealist art aimed to shock, inspire, and provoke, with its creators aspiring to tap into the essence of the human experience.

How Surrealism Impacted Art Styles

Conclusion

The history of art is a journey through a tapestry woven with innovation, rebellion, and transformation. From Impressionism’s ability to capture fleeting moments to Cubism’s breaking down of reality, from Surrealism’s delve into the subconscious to Abstract Expressionism’s daring expressions and the bold statements of Pop Art, these revolutionary styles have distinctly shaped the world of art.

These art movements stand as a testament to the power of creativity to challenge norms, provoke thought, and change the world. They transcended canvas and studio walls, leaving an indelible mark on culture, perception, and the very essence of what it means to be human. As artists pushed the boundaries of representation, form, and emotion, they revealed new dimensions of the human experience, sparking dialogues that transcended time and space.

The post Art Styles That Changed the World appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

Evolution of Digital Art

This form of artistic expression harnesses the capabilities of computers and software to create visually stunning and conceptually intricate works that challenge the boundaries of traditional art forms. Let’s delve into the journey of digital art’s evolution and its profound impact on artistic traditions.

• Digital art’s emergence: Digital art emerged as technology advanced, gaining prominence in the latter half of the 20th century. Early experiments with computer-generated art paved the way for the sophisticated digital tools artists use today. Digital art encompasses a wide range of mediums, including digital painting, 3D modelling, animation, and interactive installations.
• Advantages over traditional mediums:One of the defining features of digital art is its flexibility. Artists can experiment with a vast array of virtual brushes, colours, and textures, replicating the physicality of traditional mediums while also transcending their limitations. The undo/redo functionality, non-destructive editing, and the use of layers enable artists to refine their work with precision and explore creative avenues without fear of irreversible mistakes.
• Blurring the boundaries: Digital art blurs the boundaries between different artistic forms. Paintings can be animated, sculptures can exist in virtual reality, and traditional images can be transformed into interactive experiences. This fusion of mediums not only expands the possibilities for artists but also challenges audiences to redefine their understanding of art.
• Global accessibility and sharing:The digital realm knows no physical borders. Digital artworks can be instantly shared with a global audience through online platforms and social media. This accessibility has democratised the art world, allowing emerging artists to showcase their work to a broader audience without the need for gallery representation.

Transforming Traditional Techniques

The emergence of digital art has not only introduced new possibilities but has also breathed fresh life into traditional artistic techniques. Digital tools have revolutionised how artists approach their craft, allowing them to replicate and reinterpret traditional mediums in a digital environment.

Flexibility and Experimentation

Digital art allows for unparalleled flexibility. The ability to instantly undo mistakes, manipulate layers, and apply a variety of effects empowers artists to experiment fearlessly. This flexibility encourages artistic exploration, enabling creators to take bold risks they might shy away from when working with traditional materials.

New Dimensions in Mixed Media

Digital art seamlessly incorporates elements from other mediums. Photographs can be blended with digital painting, creating surreal amalgamations. This blending of mediums enables artists to tell different stories with a single image.

Accessibility and Democratisation of Art

In the traditional art world, physical galleries and exhibitions often acted as gatekeepers, determining which artists and artworks gained visibility. However, the digital age has shattered these barriers, democratising the art landscape and making creativity accessible to a global audience like never before.

1. Digital platforms and tools:The rise of digital art is closely intertwined with the proliferation of digital platforms and tools. With a computer and internet connection, artists can create, share, and sell their work without relying on traditional intermediaries.
2. Global reach:The digital realm erases geographical limitations, allowing artists to connect with individuals from different cultures and backgrounds. This interconnectedness fosters cross-cultural dialogue and exposes audiences to a diverse range of artistic perspectives.
3. The emergence of new voices: Digital art has empowered emerging and marginalised artists who might have faced barriers in the traditional art world. The online space provides a platform for these voices to be heard, challenging the status quo and enriching the artistic landscape with fresh narratives.
4. Online sharing:Social media platforms and online galleries have become virtual canvases, enabling artists to share their creations instantaneously. This direct connection between artists and audiences fosters a more intimate and interactive experience, as viewers can engage in discussions, provide feedback, and even participate in the creative process.

Challenging Notions of Authenticity

The transition from traditional to digital art has ignited a discourse on authenticity and originality. As digital tools enable the replication and manipulation of artworks with unparalleled ease, questions arise about the uniqueness and value of digital creations.

Authenticity in the Digital Realm

Traditional art often holds value due to its scarcity – a painting exists as a singular physical object. In the digital realm, the concept of authenticity shifts. Multiple identical copies can be created and distributed, challenging conventional ideas of what makes an artwork authentic.

NFTs and Ownership

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have emerged as a revolutionary solution to digital art ownership. NFTs are unique digital certificates of ownership that authenticate a specific digital artwork. While NFTs provide a way to establish ownership and scarcity in the digital domain, they also raise debates about the environmental impact and potential for speculation.

Reproducibility and Creativity

Some argue that digital art’s reproducibility limits its creative value. However, artists are embracing this aspect, using digital tools to explore new forms of creativity that go beyond the constraints of traditional mediums.

Blur Between Original and Copy

The digital realm blurs the distinction between an “original” and a “copy.” A digital file can be duplicated endlessly, raising questions about the significance of the first iteration and the subsequent duplicates.

Navigating the Digital Space

Beyond the realm of art, the digital landscape has also extended to unexpected corners, including online casinos. These platforms offer a unique fusion of digital artistry and entertainment.

Players exploring online casinos may encounter enticing offers such as 25 free spins on registration no deposit, promoted by casinos, where digital graphics and visual elements not only enhance the gaming environment but also create an immersive experience that resonates with the aesthetics of contemporary digital art. This interconnectedness fosters cross-cultural dialogue and exposes audiences to a diverse range of artistic perspectives, shaping not only art but also the broader digital sphere.

Conclusion

In the realm where technology and creativity converge, digital art stands as a revolutionary force, reshaping artistic traditions. The journey through this transformation reveals how digital tools reimagine traditional techniques, democratise art through global accessibility, and challenge the notion of authenticity.

As the digital canvas expands, it leaves an indelible mark even in unexpected corners, such as online casinos offering great bonuses. This shift isn’t a departure from tradition but a dynamic continuation that beckons us to embrace innovation while honouring the timeless essence of artistic expression. The evolving relationship between digital and traditional art encapsulates the boundless spirit of creativity.

The post How Digital Art Shifts Traditions appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

At present, these functions of art have not changed. At the same time, there is an increasing digitalization of this area of human activity and the impact of high technologies on producing the final product. In this review, you will be able to learn more about the main trends in the field of art as well as the prospects for its development in the future.

Main Features of Modern Art

In our era, art has not stopped its development and continues to amaze us with new trends, techniques, and masterpieces. Below, you can get an insight into the current challenges and opportunities modern artists face.

Reflection of society

Surely you have heard the well-known expression that art mirrors society and reflects all its negative and positive features. As you know, artists are not isolated creators, as one might at first glance. The masterpieces they create are the result of their interaction with the surrounding world in all its manifestations.

Artists often engage in a dialogue with issues that concern humanity as a whole and with problems and cultural atmospheres by describing events, commenting on aspects of political life, reflecting global events, and so on. Examples of this can be found regardless of the type of regional culture. For example, if we look at the African or Pacific regions, then unlike global Western culture, their people use such methods as special masks, totems, and so on. But it does not change the essence of art.

Despite the fact that the connection between “art” and “society” has always been clear, in recent times, it has been specially strengthened. With the help of photographs and videos, it has become possible to make art more visible: capture events at the moment, document them, expose facts, and so on.

Dependence on technological development

The interaction between art and society mentioned above is rather complicated. Sometimes traditional approaches are not enough to express all their aspects and colors. Therefore, artists pay attention to all possible methods and visual means available.

For many people, it is not obvious that any paintings, sculptures, various materials, etc., are no more than a direct result of the development of society. This concept affects not only drawing but all forms of art in general. If we take a short course in history, we can see examples of this feature in the visual arts.

As you know, the first tube for paint was invented approximately in the middle of the 19th century. It encouraged artists to paint outdoors. As a result, about twenty years later, the art world saw the rise of impressionism. Could this genre develop and become so popular without this seemingly small invention? Probably not.

However, in the future, the situation has reached a completely new level. Every year the interaction between technological progress and artistic creativity becomes more and more visible. New methods of work become available to artists and the materials they use to create masterpieces: various kinds of polymers, plastics, new metal alloys, and so on. It significantly expands the possibilities now limited only by the flight of the author’s fantasies.

Among the artistic techniques that have revolutionized art, it is worth noting, first of all, video, various types of photography, 3D printing technology, computer programs, and so on. In the era of encryption, it is the last option on the list that plays a decisive role. The world has been covered by a revolution of artificial intelligence that creates unique pictures with the help of special algorithms and minimal outside influence.

Globalization issues

Globalization is no longer a subject of controversy since this trend has been clearly identified and has been gaining momentum for several decades. In practice, this means easier access to various types of cultures, economies, industries, and information resources on a global scale.

Initially, it was a feature of exclusively Western culture or elements adopted and assimilated into it. In the future, there is a high probability of a change in the course of this process. As a result, we will see an increase in the attention of non-Western artists to all the same non-Western symbols. We can already observe some features of this princess. If you look at works by Moroccan artists who actively use, for example, the themes and culture of the bazaar.

The Criticism of the Future of Art

The situation with art is rather heterogeneous. While some development perspectives are quite obvious, there are outright dissonances with which we should deal. For example, for a long time, art has been a rather confidential environment with a limited number of dedicated vigilantes. At the same time, there is currently a lively debate about the “huge global circus” in which the big brands, billionaires, and so on have their place and play the rules.

On the other hand, some support globalization as a certain “portal” for more people to enter the arts and make it more accessible. In today’s society, many perceive art as part of the entertainment industry. So, for example, a huge number of museums that have appeared recently become rather tourist objects whose only purpose is to attract visitors and earn money. From this point of view, they can be compared with big shopping centers. Expensive brands also decided to boost their cooperation with artists in order to show that their product is not only of high quality but also has some deep, philosophical meaning.

The post The Current State of Art appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

Indeed, there are still no clearly established norms regulating artists’ rights and obligations using neural network technologies. Such a question arose especially sharply in the context of commerce and property rights.

However, the fact remains that neural networks are growing, and we can see more and more content generated by special algorithms. For example, you can visit play-fortune.ro/jocuri/pacanele-gratis or another portal with a large content of graphic elements. You can hardly tell which of them are created with the help of neural networks and which are the result of the painstaking work of the web designer. Even though the technology is still quite raw, its potential is great, and development is moving by leaps and bounds.

Impact of Modern Technologies on Art

Initially, this technology attracted a lot of attention due to the appearance of deep fakes. These small videos were used with the technology of superimposing the faces of various celebrities, politicians, and so on on the faces of imitators to compromise. For those who do not really understand what they are looking at, such materials can really have a significant impact and convince them of their veracity.

In addition to being used in an openly negative and provocative way, this method has become the object of attention of visual content makers. The creators of anime characters especially paid attention to it since they got the opportunity to process photos of famous actors and models. Neural networks also helped to improve the quality of blurry photos.

Developers of gaming software did not lag behind anime creators, who began actively using modern technologies to get better graphics and realistic characters.

Users of neural networks noted that GANs use a uniquely creative approach and self-learning methods in the production of paintings. That is why machines can independently improve picture quality with minimal human intervention.

Example of Using GANs

Deep Style is a great example of such a network, which can recognize objects and textures. All you need is to provide a photo and a picture written in a certain style. After processing, this program creates an analog photograph that is made in the style of a picture you uploaded.

Some may think it is just an analog of Photoshop, but this is not. Artists can use this program as an advanced tool. It is another example of how technology always keeps pace with art. If we look deep into history, we can see a lot of examples. For instance, a similar situation was with impressionism, which appeared thanks to discoveries in the field of optics.

Those skeptics who think this technology is not autonomous enough to be entitled as “art”, can watch so popular YouTube videos where people create ultra-realistic portraits by simply drawing in all directions. In fact, this is a mechanical reproduction (or tracing) and does not fundamentally differ from Deep Style. Moreover, in this program, you can make adjustments (using various incoming data) based on which the algorithm will do its job.

Basic Reasons Why AI Works Can not be Considered Real Art

Below, you can check the main reason which prevents us from taking pictures powered by aI as real art. At least the current situation will definitely be changed in the future.

Lack of emotions

According to the general opinion, art is something that has become a product of skills, imagination, experience, and so on, and that brings aesthetic pleasure to people around. It is something that contains a part of the artist’s inner world. In this case, we are talking about the result of human work, with a lot of time and effort spent.

Of course, machine intelligence also spends resources to arrange images and combine them following an algorithm. However, within the existing paradigm, it is difficult to perceive it as 100% art.

Uniqueness

The issues of uniqueness are quite confusing since people can hardly create 100% unique paintings that would not have an analog in the world. However, in the case of artificial intelligence, the situation is more trivial.

They are clearly using existing paintings to create new works. Combining algorithms create a picture that should illustrate a certain plot, have the necessary art forms, and so on. Suppose you decide to visit the Jozz Casino (by the way, more information about Jozz Casino on this page) and enjoy your favorite 3D slot with bright and vivid graphics.

There is a high probability that all visual content of the game was created using AI, and it is based on already existing pictures. Of course, this will not prevent you from getting aesthetic pleasure from a high-quality picture. However, from an expert point of view, all tempting pictures will only be the result of the processing of existing ones.

Issues with copyright

Since artificial intelligence uses works that real artists have already created, the issue of copyright is more than actual. There are lively discussions and disputes on the net regarding who created this or that picture: a machine or its user.

Some of the original authors of the works are interested in legal liability and the opportunity to assert their rights in court. Obviously, this situation does not contribute to the merger and harmonious development of AI and the art industry. On the contrary, they only encourage further discussion regarding the non-recognition of AI works as commercial art products. A possible solution to this problem can be clear legal norms that could end disputes and help both spheres develop harmoniously.

The post Why Neural Networks Became Popular? appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

Sculpture and painting: what is the same and what is the difference

The history of sculpture, as well as painting, dates back to the time before our era. Sculptors create three-dimensional figures from solid materials, cutting off all unnecessary. They work in two directions, making relief or round shapes. In the first case, convex images are made on a flat surface, and in the second case, works are made for a comprehensive inspection.

The relief, as a kind of sculpture, is closer to painting. It is divided into:

• bas-relief
• high relief;
• counter-relief;
• coelanaglyph

The technique of work is based on the division of the sculptural relief. Except for the coelanaglyph, all subspecies differ in the size of the convex part, which protrudes above the general background or deepens into it. The coelanaglyph technique consists of contour cutting of animalistic and portrait images. They became part of history, unlike the more famous bas-relief and high relief, which still decorate interiors around the world. If you need more information on the topic of relief creation, then the translation agency https://translation.center/de will make a high-quality translation of foreign terminology into any language. Regardless of which technique is chosen, the image in the relief is clamped in 2 planes. The wall, ceiling, and other flat surface are means of conveying the image. Volumetric sculpture, on the other hand, reproduces reality − all bodily things, in the performance of which they try to get as close to nature as possible. Sculptures are sculpted in the form of standing, seated, reclining figures, or a bust, depending on the compositional motifs.

Sculptural art is inaccessible to natural phenomena, like painting. For example, there is no well-known sculptor who could reproduce fog or rain, but he can make a statue in the form of a person getting wet in a downpour. There is no division into corporeal and incorporeal objects in the painting.

In the history of art, monumental, monumental-decorative, and indoor sculptures are found. The first includes large monuments, the second includes fountains and building decorations, and the third includes sculptures of humans, animals, and other things, the dimensions of which are realistic. The history includes several genres in which sculptors worked.

The most famous of them:

• allegorical;
• animalistic;
• household;
• historical;
• mythological;
• portrait.

Painting does without a clear choice of genres. For example, the allegorical genre contains both portrait and animalistic features.

Any sculptural genre is poor in the execution of plots and colors, but rich in plastic movements, frozen in space and time. If the artist can convey the very movement of a rolling wheel or a flying bird, then the sculptor shows the previous and subsequent phase of movement through a certain position of the body. The lack of division into movement and image makes painting a more universal type of fine art.

The sculpture has no fewer means to create an image than painting. Sculptors make sketches of their works from soft materials used in modeling. Plasticine, wax and clay are easy-to-handle products. They are given various forms, which are then reproduced from a solid material. With the advent of polymers, another tool for sketching appeared.

Painting is an art in which color is everything

The main expressive means in painting is color, and not plastic, as in sculpture. It affects the perception of the image and emphasizes the details. With different shades, the artist conveys contours, volume, and space. Depending on the technique, working with oil, tempera, watercolors, gouache, or pencils. The canvas depicts fictional and real scenes from life and history. The division of painting into an indoor and monumental is connected with the technique of work. The first one is more common because in it the artists use easels and can paint everywhere. And the second is impossible without architecture, on which monumental paintings are created − murals. Monumental fine art combines painting and fresco technique – creating images on raw plaster.

Both types of fine art imitate nature to varying degrees. Compared to painting, sculpture touches more of the senses, connecting with viewers at the level of touch and sight. But painting has more genres and means of work. In addition to those in which sculptors work, artists can also paint landscapes or still-life paintings, and be inspired by architecture, nude, and battle paintings. You can have a look at foreign sources of information about painting after translating the necessary terminology at a translation agency https://translation.center/de-uebersetzungsbuero-hamburg into any language of your choice.

The post Sculpture and painting are forms of art that convey reality in different ways appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

“The Dark Ages” of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are banned, and many art treasures are destroyed because of their dedication to ancient deities. The return to the values of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (renaissance).

Artists of the early Renaissance (renaissance) have to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the works of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of European art (and civilization) during the “dark ages” of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition-the difference between these paintings is 14 centuries!

The emergence and spread of oil paint technology and techniques for painting with them in the 15th century gave rise to the development of easel painting and a special kind of artists’ production – color paintings with oil paints on primed canvas or wood.

Painting made a huge leap in qualitative development during the Renaissance, largely thanks to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He was the first to outline the basics of perspective in painting (his treatise “On Painting” 1436). To him (his works on the systematization of scientific knowledge) the European art school owes the appearance (revival) of realistic perspective and natural proportions in the paintings of artists. The famous and familiar to many people Leonardo da Vinci’s “Vitruvian Man” (Human Proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of the ancient knowledge of Vitruvius about proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century after Alberti’s treatise “On Painting”. And Leonardo’s work is a continuation of the development of European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But the bright and massive development of painting took place from the 16th-17th centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies of colors appeared and painting schools were formed. It was the system of knowledge and art education (drawing technique), combined with the demand for works of art among the aristocracy and monarchs, that led to the rapid flowering of fine arts in Europe (Baroque period).

The unlimited financial resources of European monarchies, aristocracy and businessmen became the perfect ground for the further development of painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening of the influence of the church and the secular way of life (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and trends in painting (Baroque and Rococo).

In the course of the development of fine art, artists developed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in the works. By the end of the 19th century (with the arrival of the modernist movements), an interesting transformation in painting begins. The availability of art education, mass competition and the high demands on the skills of artists from the public (and customers) give rise to new directions in modes of expression. Fine art is no longer limited to the level of technique, artists seek to bring specific meanings, ways of “looking” and philosophies into their works. Which often comes at the expense of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a way of epatage. The diversity of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals generate the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing techniques refer to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow to fully replicate any techniques of painting with paints.

The post History of Painting appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

Oil painting is done with paint rubbed on vegetable oils. Thick paint liquefies when oil or special thinners and varnishes are added to it. Oil paint can be used on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper and metal.

Tempera paint is made with paint prepared on egg yolk or casein. Tempera paint is dissolved with water and applied pastosely or fluidly to a wall, canvas, paper or wood. Tempera was used in Russia for wall paintings, icons and patterns on everyday objects. Nowadays tempera is used in painting and graphics, in arts and crafts and in decoration.

Fresco painting decorates interiors in the form of monumental and decorative compositions, applied on wet plaster with water paints. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in an enclosed environment.

Wax painting (encaustic) was used even by artists of Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous “fayum portraits” (I century AD). Binder in encaustic painting is bleached wax. Wax colors are applied in a molten state on a heated base, and then burned.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, is made up of individual pieces of smalt or colored stones and mounted on a special cement ground. Transparent smalt inserted into the ground at different angles reflects or refracts light, causing flashes and shimmers of color. Mosaic panels can be found in subways, theater and museum interiors, etc. Stained-glass window-painting is a work of decorative art intended for decorating window openings in an architectural structure. Stained-glass windows are made of colored glass pieces fastened together with a strong metal frame. A stream of light, penetrating the colored surface of the stained glass window, draws decorative, multicolored patterns on the floor and walls of the interior.

The post The division of painting by technique and means of performance appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

Portrait is a realistic portrayal of a person, in which the artist tries to achieve a resemblance to the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most customers used the talent of artists to immortalize their own image or, wanting an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait likeness (or even embellish it) leaving a visual representation in history. Portraits of various styles are the most massive part of the exposition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a kind of portrait as a self-portrait – a picture of the artist himself, painted by himself.

Landscape is one of the popular painting genres, in which the artist strives to depict nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the seasons and weather) have a vivid emotional impact on any viewer – it is a psychological feature of man. The desire for an emotional impression of landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artwork.

Architectural painting – this genre is much like landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes involving architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special direction is street views of cities, conveying the atmosphere of the place. Another direction of this genre is the depiction of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building – its appearance or images of its interiors.

Historical painting – a genre in which the main subject of paintings is a historical event or its interpretation by the artist. What is interesting – this genre includes a huge number of paintings on biblical themes. Since in the Middle Ages biblical subjects were considered “historical” events and the main customers of these paintings was the church. “Historical” biblical subjects are present in the work of most artists. The second birth of historical painting occurs in the times of neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical subjects, events from the time of antiquity or national legends.

Battle paintingsBattle paintings reflect scenes of wars and battles. The peculiarity is not only the desire to reflect the historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional elevation of the feat and heroism. Later, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) to what is happening. We can see a similar effect of political emphasis and the power of the artist’s talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

Still LifeNatura is a genre of painting with compositions of inanimate objects, using flowers, products, utensils. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is due to the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic prosperity of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) in a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing fierce competition among them. Poor painters were inaccessible to models and studios (people in appropriate clothing). Drawing paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) for the composition of paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting – the subject of the paintings are everyday scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually – with the participation of ordinary people. As well as still life it became common for Dutch painters in the 17th century. During the period of Romanticism and Neoclassicism the genre acquired a new lease on life, as paintings tended not so much to reflect everyday life as to romanticize it, to add a certain sense or morality to the subject.

Marina is a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets on the sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, nautical battles still belong to the marina genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century.

Animalistic painting – a feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in depicting animals are called animalists.

The post Painting genres appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.

Famous antique sculptures
Antique sculptures are the most famous. We see their image everywhere, including in everyday life.

“Venus of Milos.”
There is probably no more recognizable sculpture than that of the “Venus of Milos”. Many institutions have decorated their halls with copies of her. Neither the date of creation, nor the author is unknown.

Scientists have defined the time of creation only approximately. In their opinion, Venus was sculpted in the year one hundred and thirty B.C. Today it is on display in the Louvre.

“David”.
The author of the bronze “David” is the sculptor Danatello. His work is a full-length sculpture standing without support on anything. According to the author’s idea, a smiling naked David is looking at the head of Goliath, which he has just cut off. Michelangelo’s sculpture of David is familiar to anyone who went to art school

The date of this sculpture is one thousand four hundred and forty years old. “David” is on display at the Florentine National Museum.

“Discobol.”
Another of the most famous antique sculptures is “Discobol.” The author originally cast the sculpture in bronze. The date of creation is approximately four hundred and fiftieth year B.C. Later there were several copies, but already made of marble.

The author is believed to be Myron. The original sculpture has been lost. Only copies made from the original in ancient Rome have survived.

The most famous statues of the gods
Statues of the gods can be found in almost every country. Somewhere they are of standard size and are displayed in museums, somewhere just huge and are a landmark of the city.

Statue of Christ the Redeemer
The huge statue of Christ the Redeemer stands in Rio de Genheiro and is one of the main national landmarks. Every year it attracts more than two million visitors.

The statue is a sacred symbol of Brazil. The figure of Christ stands seven hundred meters above sea level. Its height is 28 meters. The sculpture was erected in 1931 with donations from the people and the church.

Statue of Buddha
Maitreya Among the largest statues in the world is the statue of Buddha Maitreya in China. This record-breaking statue is carved right into the rock. Its height is seventy-one meters.

It is known that work on it began in the seventy-thirteenth year and lasted 90 years. Numerous tourists who come to China, tend to see the statue of God, which for about a thousand years was considered the highest in the world.

Statue of Shiva
The modern statue of the god Shiva appeared in the twenty-first century in Nepal. Its construction took seven years. Shiva, forty-three and a half meters high, is the tallest statue of the god Shiva in the world. Tourist interest in it is understandable.

Other recognizable statues
The art of sculpture is several thousand years old. Over the years, sculptors have created a wide variety of works. Some sculptures are real landmarks.

Moai
There are eight hundred and fifty monolithic stone statues on Easter Island. What is surprising is that they are all turned toward the center of the island. Some of them are over six meters long and weigh twenty tons.

One expedition found a giant unfinished statue there. It weighs about two hundred and seventy tons and is twenty meters high.

“The Peeing Boy.”
We don’t know exactly when did the Peeing Man appeared in Brussels, or who its creator was. This miniature fountain statue is made of bronze: a naked boy peeing into a pool. It has been suggested that the statue dates back to the fifteenth century.

The bronze boy has been stolen many times. Copies have appeared in his place. From time to time the statue is dressed in different costumes, depending on a memorable date or holiday.

The Big Sphinx
The most ancient sculpture preserved at Giza is the Great Sphinx, lying on the banks of the Nile. It is a monolithic work of art. The Sphinx is carved out of lime rock.

Between its outstretched paws was once a sanctuary. The face of the lion statue bears a portrait resemblance to one of the Egyptian pharaohs. The Egyptian pyramids themselves are also a sight to behold.

The most famous sculpture in the world
The most replicated, most recognizable sculpture in the world is The Thinker. This famous sculpture is shown in Paris. Its author – Rodin. Rodin’s Thinker, perhaps the most recognizable sculpture in the world Rodin in the one thousand eight hundred and eightieth year, received a large commission. The work was to be called “Gates of Hell”.

The author was supposed to create several sculptures to be installed at the entrance to the museum. This project remained unfinished, however, a number of sculptures Rodin decided to make large. Thanks to this the world saw the “Thinker”. The genius master managed to accurately convey the deep thought process of the man sitting on the stone.

The post Most famous sculptures appeared first on Gentar-Lawren.